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《兰亭集序》王羲之的〈〈兰亭集序〉〉是人教版普通高中课程标准实验教科书必修二第三单元的一篇课文。本单元为古代山水游记类散文。山水游记一般不只是对自然风物的客观描绘,往往包含抒情或说理的成分,或表达物我两忘的喜忧,或抒发时不我待的忧思,或倾诉怀才不遇的愤懑。阅读这一类的文章,一要欣赏其中描绘的自然风光,二要联系作者身世和时代背景,品味作者抒发的感情和文章寄寓的感情和旨趣。
反复阅(诵)读体味法。在反复阅(诵)读中体会其中节奏、语气和韵味,养成良好的文言语感。同时培养学生对自然之美的感受能力。
关键语句切入解读文本法。文章阅读的最高功夫是把厚书读薄、把长文读短,抓关键语句是达到这一境界的最佳途径。为品味作者抒发的感情和文章寄寓的旨趣,着重抓文本中的关键性语句,使学生的思维过程和方法落实,结论有据。
理解作者在文中由喜到悲的感情变化,认识作者深沉感叹中所蕴涵的积极情绪。
四、教学设想
《兰亭集序》通过对宴游之乐的渲染、铺垫来引发自己对人生哲理的探索,发表对人生忧乐和生死问题的看法。感情由“乐”到“痛”再到“悲”,线索十分明显。古往今来,不知有多少睿智的先贤对人生的终极意义有过这样或那样的求索,但似乎都没有一个完美的答案。唯一相同的感受就是:人生永远面对变化,永远带着遗憾。这是一个问题,却永远无法解决。王羲之说:“后之视今,犹今之视昔。悲夫!”这是文章中最能打动读者、最能拨动人们心弦的一句话。关键的问题是作者因何而“悲”,如何理解这个“悲”。
如果仅仅将这个“悲”理解为悲叹生命无常、人生短暂,那它就与前文的“痛”没有什么区别了;或者即使认识到和前文的“痛”相比,这个“悲”“有所超越”,“不是完全的悲痛而是一定程度的悲壮”,那也是失之肤浅的。
鉴于以上思考,我把挖掘“悲”字内涵的做为这届可的中心环节(主要体现在第六步“深深‘悲’叹为哪桩”环节)。
(一)、导入课文。
“生存还是毁灭:这是个问题。”哈姆雷特被生活的困境逼到了死角,开始了关于生与死的思考;早在两千多年前,中国一位伟大的史学家司马迁在生死抉择中做出了响亮的回答:人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛;南宋女词人李清照有诗曰:“生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄。”生死问题,历来是中外文学和哲学所关注的重要话题。一代书圣王羲之也为我们留下了他对人生哲理执著探索的踪迹。今天,我们一起来继续学习《兰亭集序》。
(二)、自读质疑。
提示学生:古人云,读书百遍,其义自见。我们要反复阅读,读准字音,读通句意,读出感情,并争取读出心得。做到每一遍读书都有目的,每一遍读书都有收获。
在课前预习的基础上,通过师生互动、生生互动做好正音和词句疏通工作。
(三)总体感知:
快速浏览全文,试从每段中找出最能体现作者情感变化的字眼。
(乐——痛——悲)
乐因何而生?痛由何而来?悲缘何而发?
(四)、赏析暮春宴游“乐”。
人们都说《兰亭集序》是一篇美文。美是需要欣赏的,下面就请同学们找出自己喜欢的句子,并对它们进行赏析。
作者因何而乐? 良辰美景、赏心乐事。
(五)、乐极而“痛”因死生。
生活中常有这样一种现象:人快乐到极点时,常常会心情陡转直下,产生“痛(忧)从衷来”的感觉。作者在快乐的宴集上,感情产生了怎样的变化的? 由“信可乐”到“岂不痛”。
读第二小节,用文中原话回答作者“痛”从何来?
人之相与、俯仰一世;修短随化、终期于尽。——人生短暂。
向之所欣,俯仰之间、已为陈迹。——世事无常
在中国书法史上,有一件谜一样的珍宝,它就是王羲之书写的《兰亭集序》。关于这幅绝世珍品的下落,传说很多,比较统一的说法是,它被唐太宗李世民带入了墓中。我们在责怪这位自私皇帝的同时,还能感到一丝欣慰,因为尚有唐朝书法家欧阳询、褚遂良等摹写的兰亭帖流传于世。我们在鉴赏书法美的同时,也不要忘了欣赏其文描写的兰亭胜景,品味作者在景中寄寓的人生哲理。下面就让我们一起学习千古名篇《兰亭集序》。
欣赏完插图后,再出示王羲之的其他书法作品,让学生直观感受其书法“飘若游云,矫如惊龙”的特点,同时简介作者和文章体裁特点,扩充学生的相关知识,完成教学目标(1)中对序文特点的了解。
通过播放课文朗诵带,让学生注意字音和语调、语气,初步感受〈〈兰亭集序〉〉的语言特色。听完录音后,再让学生齐声朗读一遍,教师相机作诵读指导,这一环节是教法和学法的落实。
由学生四人小组共同合作,结合课文下注释和工具书自主疏通文意,教师巡视点拨,比如第一段中的:
1、“永和九年,岁在癸丑,暮春之初,会于会稽山阴之兰亭,修禊事也。” 应掌握以下实词:
修:做。 禊事 :禊,一种祭礼。古时以三月上旬的“巳”日为修禊日。禊事,古代一种风俗,到水边洗濯、嬉游,并进行祈福消灾的仪式。
2、“群贤毕至,少长咸集。此处有崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,又有清流激湍,映带左右。”
毕:都。 咸:都 . 修:长、高。 映带:映衬,围绕。
3、“引以为流觞曲水,列坐其次,虽无丝竹管弦之盛,一觞一咏,亦足以畅叙幽情。”
引以为流觞曲水:引,引导。引(之),省略宾语“之”,清流激湍。流觞,把酒杯浮在水面上,循水而下,流于谁前,谁来取饮。曲水,引水环曲为渠。( 展示流觞曲水的图片资料)。
盛,盛大。 觞,古代喝酒的器具,这里解释为饮酒。(名词作动词)
咏,用诗词来赞颂或叙述,指作诗。 以,来。
4、“是日也,天朗气清,惠风和畅。” 是,指示代词,这。 惠风,和风。
5、“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀,足以极视听之娱,信可乐也。”
品类:指自然界的万物。 所以,用来。 极,穷尽。 娱,乐趣。 信,实在。
其余段落不一一赘述,此环节还可让学生找出难句相互讨论,讨论不决,推举一同学指出疑词难句,教师集中加以讲解。如此,教师重在点拨省时省力,学生积极参与,手脑并用。 此外,课文中出现的“流觞曲水”这样的字词学生理解可能有困难,所以展示课前准备的有关兰亭集会的图片资料,让学生直观感受文中自然美,并通过图文结合的形式,使原本枯燥的课变得生动有趣,使抽象的背景知识更为直观和便于理解。在欣赏的过程中,学生轻松的掌握了文言知识。这既完成了教学目标(1)(2)(3),同时又突破了重点难点,也是对学法的落实。
对小组合作疏通文意的情况进行总结,布置作业:(1)熟读课文,找出作者感情变化的线索,(2)归纳文中文言知识,完成课后练习二。第一课时的作业重积累,对基础差的学生必不可少,又培养学生对知识的归纳整理能力;同时通过反复的朗读,让学生自己去揣摩文章的妙处,为下节课鉴赏评价奠定基础。
1、教材分析
这篇文章是必修课本的最后一个问题探讨专题中的第二篇课文,这一专题有两个功能:一是对前面20个人文话题的自然升华,由对“人与自我”、“人与自然”、“人与社会”等若干具体问题的思考,生发为对人之所以为人,人生存的意义和价值等终极问题的追问;二是这些文本本身对学生语文核心能力的提升具有引领功能,对学生语文素养的提高具有丰富的课程价值。第一板块的两篇课文都是具有深刻的人文内涵、富有哲理思辩的文章。《兰亭集序》作为一篇书序,由叙事而写景,感物抒怀,从一次普通的游宴活动谈到作者的生死观,虽然有人生无常、“死生亦大矣”的感慨,但一反魏晋时期流行的消极虚妄的人生态度,暗含把握当下人生,不宜空谈玄理的真实乐观的态度。我想教学时应从文本出发,牢牢抓住文章的核心观点,注意在疏通文意的基础上,把文章蕴含的思想内涵挖掘出来,使文中包含的人生境界深深感染学生。引导学生深刻领悟作品展现的诗意的人生境界,让学生体会中国古代士大夫的山水审美情怀和他们精神超越的优美姿态。
所以,根据该课的特点和学生的实际情况,我制订了如下教学目标:
2、教学目标
知识目标: 了解序文的写作特点,掌握一定的文言知识。
能力目标: 1.理清课文内容层次
2.理解作者的生死观。
情感目标:正确认识作者对人生悲欢无常、终归于尽的深沉感慨,树立积极进取的人生观。
3、教学重点、难点
重点:了解由这次集会而引起的人生无常的感慨,理清作者思想感情的脉络。
难点:认识作者深沉感叹中所蕴含的积极情绪。
对于文言文教学,我曾经以教师讲解为主,不重视学生诵读,因为文言文有讲头,其中的实词、虚词、句式、情感、理趣等等,都可以讲出很多“东西”来。但这种做法不能使学生真正喜欢文言文本身,他们喜欢的只是其中的所谓文化。发现这个问题后,我在教学中感到了一种“舍本逐末”的尴尬。于是我参照新课标精神尝试改变文言文教学思路,从由教师讲解变成让学生诵读,从重视翻译到重视感悟。我把自己的思考设计为“文言文五步诵读法”:一读读准字音,二读读懂句意,三读读出情感,四读品味评价,五读回味理解。《兰亭集序》的教学,基本上就是按照这一思路进行的,但结合该课的教学目标、教材特点和学生的实际情况我准备用两课时,采用诵读法、点拨法和讨论法进行教学。(为了清楚的体现我的“文言五步诵读法”,我把两个课时放在一个整体中)
1、诵读法。让学生带着任务去读书,每一遍诵读都有目的,每一遍诵读都有任务。通过诵读,使学生身临历史情境,直入文本深处,切身体验“此景此情”,与作者进行面对面地沟通与交流,产生心灵之间的感染与共鸣,从而在更深的层次上感悟文本、感悟人生。
2、点拨法。所谓“点”就是点击要害,抓重点;所谓“拨”就是拨疑难,排障碍。“点拨法”能启发学生脑筋,自己进行思考与研究,充分发挥教师的引导性和学生的主体性。在学习本文中,我主要点拨的是难句以及作者感情变化的线索,从而使学生更好的理解课文内容。
3、讨论法。讨论法是指在教师精心运筹下,以小组或集体的组织形式,围绕某一教学要点或专题,展开议论甚至争辩,从而获得知识、开发智力的一种教学方法。这种教学方法能够在很大程度上能够调动学生参与的积极性,从而活跃学生的思维。
课时安排:2课时
课件:王羲之生平简况、王羲之兰亭集序书帖影印、兰亭集序录音
(一)导入
由古人对生死进行的哲理思考引出王羲之对生死的感悟。
(二)作者、作品以及文体简介
结合课下注解①了解作者后欣赏插图,再在幻灯上出示王羲之的其他书法作品,让学生直观感受其书法“飘若游云,矫如惊龙”的特点,同时简介文章体裁特点,扩充学生的相关知识,完成知识目标中对序文特点的了解。
(三)五步诵读
1、第一遍诵读:听录音范读,小声跟读,完成以下任务。
(1)、边听边校正自己的字音、句读错误。
(2)、勾画出自己有疑问的字词,读完后讨论。
(3)、 给生字词注音。
2、第二遍诵读:自由
诵读,完成以下任务
(1)、同学指出文中不解的字、词、句。
(2)、师生共同解决学生提出的字、词、句问题。(幻灯片展示字词句)
3、第三遍诵读:配乐集体朗读(理清思路,整体把握情感)
要求从每一段中找出一个字概括作者的心情
4、第四遍诵读:学生代表有感情朗读
学生代表带着感情诵读,在朗读中分别体现出欢乐、痛苦、悲伤的感情。其他同学边听边思考:(1)第一段中,作者的乐因何而生?
(2)第二段中,作者的痛缘何而来?
(3) 第三段中,作者的悲由何而发?
5、第五遍诵读:学生再次齐读全文(加深对文章的理解)
(四)讨论
学生通过小组合作讨论,重在引导学生积极参与。
(1)、作者由乐转痛有无道理?
(2)、作者的悲哀之情是否是消极悲观?
(3)请大家来谈谈你是怎样认识王羲之对人生的感悟,你对人生有什么新的体验?
(五)小结
《兰亭集序》历来被誉为书、文兼美的艺术珍品。作者一扫风靡流行的骈偶时尚,以清新自然的散体笔法记述了那次在中国文化史上著名的雅集盛会;并触景生情,临境兴叹;将自己对生命的热爱与眷恋,对人生价值的感悟与自然真谛的追问,坦诚且酣畅地倾诉于人性觉醒的启示录中。一千六百多年后的今天,我们重读这篇佳作,仍然能够真切地感受到这一曲生命之歌的巨大魅力。
板书应简洁美观,概括性强。
1、教材简析
王羲之的〈〈兰亭集序〉〉是人教版全日制普通高级中学语文教材第二册第五单元的一篇自读课文。这篇序言不仅是书法艺术的瑰宝,而且其文在思想、语言上也具有独特的价值,二者相得益彰,共同确立了它在中国文化史上的重要地位。作为一篇书序,文章由叙事而写景,感物抒怀,从一次普通的游宴活动谈到了作者的生死观,并以此批判了当时士大夫阶层中崇尚虚无的思想倾向,使全文在立意上显得不同凡响。
2、本课所处的地位和作用
《语文课程标准》中对语文学习有这样的要求“通过阅读和鉴赏,体会中国文化的博大精深、渊远流长,陶冶性情,全面提高语文素养”,此文入选新教材正体现了这一理念,学生若能很好的理解文章的内容,就能认识作者深沉的感叹中所蕴含的积极情绪,对树立积极的人生观很有帮助,同时又能感受我国书法艺术的博大精深,对提高语文素养大有益处。
3、教学目标
第五单元的文言文学习魏晋散文,这一时期的散文抒情色彩浓郁,尤其是王羲之的文章文风清淡,这篇《兰亭集序》中的写景句子更是美不胜收,“崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,清流激湍,映带左右”,如此简洁雅净的语言是极好的诵读材料,所以我把背诵本文定为教学目标之一;另外,我所执教的是一个平行班,学生虽有一定的文言学习基础但仍很薄弱,且本学期文言文难度较之上学期有很大提升,学生还需要积累一定的文言知识,根据该课的特点和学生的实际情况,我制订了如下教学目标:
(1) 知识目标:了解序文的特点,掌握实词“修、期、致、临、次”等词的意义;背诵全文。
(2) 能力目标:体会文章精练优美、自然清新的语言;借助注释疏通文意,理清文章的思路结构,提高文言阅读能力;
(3) 情感目标:理解作者在文中由喜到悲的感情变化,认识作者深沉感叹中所蕴含的积极情绪。
4、说教学重点与难点
〈〈语文课程标准〉〉中对高中阶段的文言文教学只要求具有阅读浅易文言文的能力,而《兰亭集序》是一篇自读课文,文下有注释,学生可自己借助注释和工具,理解词句含义,教师只需对个别难句略做点拨即可,据此我将该课的教学重点定为:
(1)了解课文中的词类活用以及归纳“修、期、致、临、次”等词的义项;
(2)背诵全文。
课文二三自然段作者的感情由乐转悲,对人的生死这一问题的议论富有哲理性,学生由于经历浅,多数未经历过生死,对其中表达的生死观不能很好理解,所以将理解作者在文章中由喜到悲的感情变化和认识作者深沉感叹中蕴含的积极情绪定为教学难点。
教师要本着“因材施教”以及“教学有法,但无定法”的原则慎重地选择行之有效的教学方法,结合该课的教学目标、教材特点和学生的实际情况,我准备用两课时,采用诵读法、点拨法进行教学。
1、诵读法。在疏通文意的基础上反复诵读,从而更深的领悟文章内容和体会作者的思想感情。
2、点拨法。所谓“点”就是点击要害,抓重点;所谓“拨”就是拨疑难,排障碍。“点拨法” 能启发学生脑筋,自己进行思考与研究,充分发挥教师的引导性和学生的主体性。在学习本文中,我主要点拨的是难句以及作者感情变化的线索,从而使学生更好的理解课文内容。
《语文课程标准》中指出“要重视学生的实践活动,让学生在教学过程中主动学习、探究。重视师生的语言交际和心灵沟通。重视学生思维方法的学习。”据此我确定了以下学法及能力培养:
1、圈点、勾画、批注的方法,借助工具书、课本注释初步疏通文意,力求做到准确、通顺地翻译课文,以此培养学生自主获取知识的能力;
2、指导学生进行正确的诵读,同时,在教学中,让学生质疑,可采用小组合作的方式相互提出难句质疑;
3、用归纳法归纳文中的特殊文言现象。从上学期开始,我一直让学生学会对常见实词、虚词的意义用法进行系统归纳,使所学知识系统化,既便于记忆,又便于运用。
1、录音机、课文朗诵带;2、有关兰亭和王羲之书法的图片、资料
第一课时
(一) 导入 人们常说:“良好的开端是成功的一半”又说:“兴趣是最好的老师。”好的导入能营造适宜的课堂氛围,集中学生的注意力,使学生对学习内容产生浓厚的兴趣。由于本课作者是位书法家,故以提问的方式导入:“大家是否喜爱中国的毛笔书法?你们最喜欢谁的书法?”根据学生的回答,引出作者;然后引导学生欣赏课本前页的插图,欣赏《兰亭集序》摹本,由此引出课题。
(二) 作者简介 欣赏完插图后,再出示王羲之的其他书法作品,让学生直观感受其书法“飘若游云,矫如惊龙”的特点,同时简介作者和文章体裁特点,扩充学生的相关知识,完成教学目标(1)中对序文特点的了解。
(三) 整体感知,朗读全文 通过播放课文朗诵带,让学生注意字音和语调、语气,初步感受〈〈兰亭集序〉〉的语言特色。听完录音后,再让学生齐声朗读一遍,教师相机作诵读指导,这一环节是教法和学法的落实。
(四) 小组合作,逐段疏通文意
由学生四人小组共同合作,结合课文下注释和工具书自主疏通文意,教师巡视点拨,比如第一段中的:
1、“永和九年,岁在癸丑,暮春之初,会于会稽山阴之兰亭,修禊事也。” 应掌握以下实词:
修:做。 禊事 :禊,一种祭礼。古时以三月上旬的“巳”日为修禊日。禊事,古代一种风俗,到水边洗濯、嬉游,并进行祈福消灾的仪式。
2、“群贤毕至,少长咸集。此处有崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,又有清流激湍,映带左右。”
毕:都。 咸:都 。 修:长、高。 映带:映衬,围绕。
3、“引以为流觞曲水,列坐其次,虽无丝竹管弦之盛,一觞一咏,亦足以畅叙幽情。”
引以为流觞曲水:引,引导。引(之),省略宾语“之”,清流激湍。流觞,把酒杯浮在水面上,循水而下,流于谁前,谁来取饮。曲水,引水环曲为渠。( 展示流觞曲水的图片资料)。
盛,盛大。 觞,古代喝酒的器具,这里解释为饮酒。(名词作动词)
咏,用诗词来赞颂或叙述,指作诗。 以,来。
4、“是日也,天朗气清,惠风和畅。” 是,指示代词,这。 惠风,和风。
5、“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀,足以极视听之娱,信可乐也。”
品类:指自然界的万物。 所以,用来。 极,穷尽。 娱,乐趣。 信,实在。
其余段落不一一赘述,此环节还可让学生找出难句相互讨论,讨论不决,推举一同学指出疑词难句,教师集中加以讲解。如此,教师重在点拨省时省力,学生积极参与,手脑并用。 此外,课文中出现的“流觞曲水”这样的字词学生理解可能有困难,所以展示课前准备的有关兰亭集会的图片资料,让学生直观感受文中自然美,并通过图文结合的形式,使原本枯燥的课变得生动有趣,使抽象的背景知识更为直观和便于理解。在欣赏的过程中,学生轻松的掌握了文言知识。这既完成了教学目标(1)(2)(3),同时又突破了重点难点,也是对学法的落实。
(五)小结并布置作业 对小组合作疏通文意的情况进行总结,布置作业:(1)熟读课文,找出作者感情变化的线索,(2)归纳文中文言知识,完成课后练习三。第一课时的作业重积累,对基础差的学生必不可少,又培养学生对知识的归纳整理能力;同时通过反复的朗读,让学生自己去揣摩文章的妙处,为下节课鉴赏评价奠定基础。
第二课时
(一) 学生齐读课文,检查字音的掌握情况
(二) 分析课文,理清思路
由学生找出作者感情变化的句子或字词,教师根据回答点拨各段大意 :全文共三个自然段,第一段叙述兰亭集会的盛况,写出了宴集的时间、地点、相聚的缘由、参加人员、环境及景物、天气和宴集的感受。作者对这次宴集环境的描述简洁雅致,如“崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,清流激湍,映带左右”,“天朗气清,惠风和畅”,“信可乐也”,这些看出作者快乐的心情和对自然美的热爱之情,这是文章的第一部分,以一个“乐”字为基调;
第二自然段,由兰亭集会联想到现今人们的相处往来,即便为人处世方法各异,静躁不同,但当 “欣于所遇”便“快然自足”,随着时间的推移,又都是 “所之既倦,情随事迁,感慨系之矣”。作者在此基础上,进一步发表议论,推进到生死的大问题,抒发了对“修短随化,终期于尽”的无奈和 “死生亦大矣”的沉痛感慨。虽然作者对时光飞逝,人生短暂大发感慨,但字里行间仍然暗含对人生的眷恋和热爱之情。
第三自然段由读古人“兴感”之作时的体验“若合一契”说明古人也有感于死生;然后批判当前士大夫阶层中“一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇为妄作”的虚无主义思想,这在玄谈之风盛行的东晋时代是有积极意义的,体现了作者积极的人生观。接着文章以“后之视今,亦犹今之视昔,悲夫”的慨叹,将话题巧妙地引到诗集的编成及其意义上来,交代了作序的目的。
第二、三自然段是文章的第二部分,写宴集以后的感慨,这部分以一个“悲”字为基调。
同时,板书全篇思路,引导学生根据板书尝试背诵,这是对教学目标和教学重点的再落实。
(三)问题研讨(引导学生讨论以下问题)
课文对老之将至、人生无常感叹不已,情调有些低沉,但作者的积极情绪又无不暗含其中,你怎么看这一问题?学生可结合自己的人生观自由发言,各抒己见,以此突破难点即理解作者由喜到悲的感情变化,认识其中蕴涵的积极情绪。
(四)总结全文,布置作业
对课文知识进行梳理,便于学生建立自己的知识结构。作业:(1)背诵全文(2)搜集有关王羲之和《兰亭集序》的资料,相互交流。第二课时的作业是对课文内容的延伸和拓展,让学生“得法于课内,得益于课外”。
板书应简洁美观,概括性强,故将板书设计为:
兰亭集序 王羲之
时间 :暮春之初
地点 :兰亭
事由 :修褉事也
人物 :群贤必至,少长咸集
(一)兰亭盛会 环境 :崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,乐
清流激湍,映带左右
事件 :流觞曲水,畅叙幽情
天气 :天朗气清,惠风和畅
感受 :信可乐也
欣于所遇 所之既倦
向之所欣 已为陈迹 死生亦大矣
修短随化 终期于尽 悲
(二)会后感慨
昔人兴感 若合一契
时人“一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇为妄作”
后之览者
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尊敬的各位专家评委:大家好!
我是__号选手,今天我说课的题目是《兰亭集序》。下面我将从教材、学情、目标、教法与学法、重点与难点、教学过程、板书设计等几个方面来说课。不足之处恳请批评指正。
《兰亭集序》是普通高中课程标准实验教科书语文必修二第三单元的一篇古文,这一单元几篇文章都是探索人与宇宙的'关系,思考人生的意义。本文属于古代山水游记类散文,在写景的同时,表达出作者对人生、世事的感悟。这篇序言不仅是书法艺术的瑰宝,而且在思想上、语言上也具有独特的价值,二者相得益彰,共同确立了它在中国文化史上的重要地位。
本篇课文的教学对象是高一年级的学生,他们已经学过一些文言文,掌握了一定的文言基础知识,能阅读浅显的文言文。但本文在文言字词上、思想上有一定的深度,学生在学习中有点障碍。学生如果在反复诵读的基础上,借助老师的正确引导和点拨,就能感悟人生的哲理,提高文言阅读能力。
根据教材、学情及课标要求,我确定以下的教学目标:
知识与技能:了解作者及序文的特点,掌握实虚词的意义用法,了解文章内容,提高文言文的阅读能力。
过程与方法:通过阅读,体会文章语言精美;借助注释、工具,疏通文意,理清文章思路。
情感态度价值观:通过本文的学习,获得正确的人生观、生死观。
重点:常见文言实词、虚词、句式的理解和掌握,背诵并理解全文。
难点:理解作者深沉感叹中所蕴含的积极情绪。
五.说教法和学法
教法:1、诵读法;2、问题引导法;3、交流讨论法;4、点拨法。
学法:1、自主学习法——搜集资料、自主思考、主动探究、解决问题。
2、勾画圈点法——勾出文中的重点句,养成不动笔墨不读书的良好阅读习惯。
3、合作探究法——交流讨论,共同研读。
(在充分预习的基础上,用两课时完成,具体步骤如下)
(一)激趣导入
生死问题,历来是中外文学和哲学所关注的重要话题。两千多年前,史学家司马迁回答:人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛;南宋女词人李清照有诗曰:“生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄。”一代书圣王羲之也对人生进行过探索思考。今天,我们一起来学习《兰亭集序》,去感悟他的思想。(板书课题)
(二)作者介绍(由学生完成,读课下注释)
(三)诵读感知
1、学生课前预读。
2、堂上听朗读录音,学生校正。
3、学生自读,结合注释疏通文意,难点做好圈注。
(四)合作探究
1、全文共四段可分为几部分,试从每部分中找出一个最能表现作者情感的字眼。
明确:通过文章结构的梳理,引出乐、痛、悲的情感变化
2、思考:为何而乐?为何而痛?为何而悲?从而引发对文章情感内涵的理解。
乐——(1、2)集会盛况——良辰美景,乐事赏心
痛——(3)人生感慨——生命短暂,世事无常
悲——(4)写序缘由——生死问题,古今同慨
(五)拓展延伸:说说文章体现了作者怎样的人生观?
[点拨]
东晋时因为政治原因,人们崇尚老庄,大谈玄理,不务实际,思想虚无,意志消沉,不求进取,认为人生无常,生死等同。作者批判了时人的人生虚化的思想,认为生就是生,死即死,不可等同视之。由此可知,观点是积极的。
(六)堂上总结
作者由兰亭盛会写起,极写盛会之乐。可大凡美景盛会,都易引发人的愁思和感慨,面对兰亭美景,不由兴尽悲来,感慨万千,进而展开议论,抒发了“人生苦短,命运难测”的痛惜之情,由己悲人,沟通古今。全文情景交融,文简而意深,不愧为千古名篇。
谈谈你是怎样认识王羲之对人生的感悟的,你对人生有什么新的体悟?写一篇小文章 字数不限。
板书方面,我力争简洁明了,采用语词式板书,既点名本课的教学要点,又方便学生理解、识记,达到画龙点睛的作用,让教师的教和学生的学有机的结合起来。
兰亭集序(王羲之)
乐——(1、2)集会盛况——良辰美景,乐事赏心
痛——(3)人生感慨——生命短暂,世事无常
悲——(4)写序缘由——生死问题,古今同慨
总之,在教学中,我会坚持“教师主导,学生主体”的原则,力求将语言文字和情感教育结合起来,突出重点,突破难点,让每一个学生在每节课上都有所进步、有所收获。
我的说课结束,不足之处,请各位老师指正,谢谢!
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1、教材简析
《兰亭集序》是人民教育出版社普通高中课程标准实验教科书必修1第二单元的第一篇课文,这是一篇序文,也是叙议结合的游记散文。它不仅是文学史上的佳作,更是享誉中国书法史的名作,被称为“天下第一行书”,它的作者是东晋著名的文学家、书法家王羲之。作为一篇书序,由叙事而写景,感物抒怀,从一次普通的游宴活动谈到了作者的生死观,并以此批判了当时士大夫阶层中崇尚虚无的思想倾向,使全文在立意上显得不同凡响。
2、本课所处的地位和作用
《语文课程标准》中对语文学习有这样的要求“通过阅读和鉴赏,体会中国文化的博大精深、渊远流长,陶冶性情,全面提高语文素养”,此文入选新教材正体现了这一理念,学生若能很好的理解的内容,就能认识作者深沉的感叹中所蕴含的积极情绪,对树立积极的人生观很有帮助,同时又能感受我国书法艺术的博大精深,对提高语文素养大有益处。
3、教学目标
《语文课程标准》认为,欣赏文学作品,能有自己的情感体验,初步领略作品的内涵,从中获得对自然、社会、人生的有益启示。同时要求,应学会运用工具书读浅易文言文。根据这些理念,我确定了本文教学目标如下:
(1)知识目标:在理解的基础上诵读全文,了解序文的写作特点,掌握实词“修、期、致、临、次”的意义。
(2)能力目标:品味文中精练优美、朴素清新的语言,理清课文内容层次,分析作者状物抒情的特点。
(3)情感目标:欣赏文中描绘的自然美,学会关爱自然,理解作者的生死观。树立正确积极的人生观。
4、重难点
本文虽是一篇书序,却“以抒情的笔调出之,淋漓满纸,美不胜收;加以文笔洗练,自然有致,更足以发人深思。”因此我是这样确定的重难点的:
重点:在理解的基础上诵读,在诵读的基础上鉴赏。
依据:
①教材中本单元的教学要求是“要了解课文的思想内容,掌握有关文言词语和句式。要重视朗读和背诵。”
②本文是一篇不可多得的美文,通过鉴赏可以提高学生对文言文的兴趣,培养他们的审美能力。
难点:如何正确看待作者的生死观?
依据:是写美景的,作者为何产生人生易逝的感慨?作者的思想是积极的还是消极的?为什么会有这样的思想特点?我们该有怎样的生命价值观?这些问题学生可以在了解课文内容后,深入思考、讨论,并结合社会实际和作者生平来理解。
《语文课程标准》提倡:充分发挥师生双方在教学中的主动性和创造性,让语文教学在师生平等对话的过程中进行,教师是学习活动的组织者和引导者,应创造性地理解和使用教材,灵活运用多种教学策略,引导学生在实践中学会学习。本文是古代文学中的名篇佳作,根据本课的教学目标和重、难点,我准备采用创设情景、指导朗读、引导探究、拓展训练等方法进行教学。
本文格调清奇,行文流畅,琅琅上口,容易调动学生的学习积极性,客观上创造了良好的学习条件。但由于高一学生的思想深度有限,且由于作者生活年代较为久远,学生对作者生死观的理解有一定难度,教师应重点突破。但同时要注意,《语文课程标准》倡导我们,语文课应根据学生身心发展和语文学习的特点,爱护学生的好奇心、求知欲,充分激发学生的主动意识和进取精神,倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。因此,课堂上应努力通过体现学生认知主体的作用,增加学生的参与机会,增强参与意识,教给学生获取知识的途径和思考问题的方法,引导学生主动探究,使学生真正成为学习的主人,实现叶圣陶先生提倡的“教是为了不教”的目标。
教法的根本是学法,只有把“学法”教给学生,才能达到不教,正所谓“授之以渔,则终身受用无穷”。
1.诵读法:朗读是学生获得语感,提高阅读能力的有效途径,它具有唤起形象、表达情感、加强理解、训练思维等多种功能。《兰亭集序》是古代名家名篇,只有让学生熟读成诵,才可能获得语感,在此基础上体会作者的情感变化,正确理解作者的生死观。
2.想象法:爱因斯坦曾说过:“想象力比知识更重要,因为知识是有限的,而想象力概括着世界上的一切,并且是知识进化的源泉。”由此可见,想象力对人的发展的重要性。这篇言简而意深,透过文字,仿佛看到了兰亭优美的自然风光,和那些参与聚会的文人雅士们儒雅的风度和诗意人生,教学时引导学生发挥合理的想象,领会作者的意图,有利于激发情感。
3、探究法与讨论法结合:以学生自我实现、学生间自我讨论为主要形式,深入探究,特别是在对作者生死观的分析上,学生可以通过讨论,互相补充观点,不断深入挖掘主题。这种方法更能让学生“学会学习”,讨论探究后所获得的知识要比被动接受的老师灌输的知识记忆深刻得多。
1、录音机、课文朗诵带。
2、有关兰亭和王羲之书法的图片、资料。
我把这篇课文的教学分成两课时完成。
第一课时教学要点:整体感知课文,品味语言,体会作者之乐。
具体教学程序:
1、激情导入,介绍作者,了解作品背景。
古希腊学者普罗塔戈说过:"头脑不是一个要被填满的容器,而是一束需要被点燃的火把。"因此一个好的导语设计无疑就是点燃火把的火种。在教学之前,我从课本插图开始,从王羲之在书法中的重要地位入手导入课文。
2、指导朗读。
①播放课文磁带录音(再出示有关兰亭和王羲之书法的图片、资料)。
②正音,指导朗读,提醒学生注意语气、节奏、重音。
提示:第一段语调舒缓,体现作者的欢快的感情;二三段缓慢低沉,读出“痛”、“悲”。
③自由读。
本文骈散结合,行文流畅,学生比较感兴趣,但是生字词比较多,而且感情起伏较大,因此朗读指导是一个必要的环节。
3、整体感知,理清思路。
①了解序的题材特点。
②本文写了作者怎样的思想感情及变化?
由乐生痛,由痛生感,由感言悲。引导学生以作者的感情变化为线索,走近兰亭,走进王羲之的感情世界。
③分小组讨论,概括段落要点。
叙宴集盛况 发人生感慨 明作序要旨
4、赏析第一、二段,体会作者之乐。
①找出这两段中心句——“信可乐也”。
②分析乐从何来。
联系王实甫的《西厢记》里唱词:“良辰美景奈何天,赏心悦事谁家院”,说明人生有四大美事:良辰、美景、赏心、乐事。本文四美俱全,足可乐也。结合课文引导学生具体分析这四美。
5、布置作业。
①结合课后习题一背诵课文(指导背诵方法) ②深入分析课文
板书是一堂课的精华所在,我设计的这堂课的板书如下:
兰亭集序
王羲之
时间 :暮春之初
地点 :兰亭
事由 :修褉事也
人物 :群贤必至,少长咸集
(一)兰亭盛会
环境:崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,清流激湍,映带左右
事件 :流觞曲水,畅叙幽情
天气 :天朗气清,惠风和畅
感受 :信可乐也 乐
欣于所遇 所之既倦
向之所欣 已为陈迹
修短随化 终期于尽 死生亦大矣 悲
(二)会后感慨
昔人兴感 若合一契
时人“一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇为妄作”
后之览者
各位老师,我今天的说课到此结束,谢谢各位老师二十分钟的陪伴!