初中优秀英语演讲稿范文（精选13篇）
Students, guests , teachers and Honorable Judges
Good morning !
my great pleasure to share my dream with you today.I have kept the dream in my mind for so long that whoever in the sun is able to live a happy life for ever.
I think this dream is deeply rooted in the future. As we can see, we are now not far away from violence, poverty, diseases, environmental pollution and even wars. Most of people are in need of what they have never enjoyed. However, I still can stick to my innermost dream, as I still can see the bright lights in our future. I believe, there will be a day when those from the rich counties are really willing to share what they have with those from the poor countries; there will be a day when we are surprised to find that the word poverty has long been out of our memories; there will be a day when we are together to share our dreams and we will all contribute to making our common dreams come true.
I will not just wait but to take action to live in my dream.
初中英语演讲稿篇5：The Road to Happiness
It is a commonplace among moralists that you cannot get happiness by pursuing it. This is only true if you pursue it unwisely. Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money, and most of them lose it instead, but there are other ways of pursuing money, which often succeed. So it is with happiness. If you pursue it by means of drink, you are forgetting the hangover. Epicurus pursued it by living only in congenial society and eating only dry bread, supplemented by a little cheese on feast days. His method proved successful in his case, but he was a valetudinarian, and most people would need something more vigorous. For most people, the pursuit of happiness, unless supplemented in various ways, is too abstract and theoretical to be adequate as a personal rule of life. But I think that whatever personal rule of life you may choose it should not, except in rare and heroic cases, be incompatible with happiness. If you look around at the men and women whom you can call happy, you will see that they all have certain things in common.
The most important of these things is an activity which at most gradually builds up something that you are glad to see coming into existence. Women who take an instinctive pleasure in their children can get this kind of satisfaction out of bringing up a family. Artists and authors and men of science get happiness in this way if their own work seems good to them. But there are many humbler forms of the same kind of pleasure. Many men who spend their working life in the city devote their weekends to voluntary and unremunerated toil in their gardens, and when the spring comes, they experience all the joys of having created beauty. The whole subject of happiness has, in my opinion, been treated too solemnly.
It had been thought that man cannot be happy without a theory of life or a religion. Perhaps those who have been rendered unhappy by a bad theory may need a better theory to help them to recover, just as you may need a tonic when you have been ill. But when things are normal a man should be healthy without a tonic and happy without a theory. It is the simple things that really matter. If a man delights in his wife and children, has success in work, and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night, spring and autumn, he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be. If, on the other hand, he finds his wife fateful, his children’s noise unendurable, and the office a nightmare; if in the daytime he longs for night, and at night sighs for the light of day, then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new regimen--a different diet, or more exercise, or what not. Man is an animal, and his happiness depends on his physiology more than he likes to think. This is a humble conclusion, but I cannot make myself disbelieve it. Unhappy businessmen, I am convinced, would increase their happiness more by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy.
I am very glad to say something here. At this time, I'd like to talk about my hobbies.
I have many hobbies. First, I like playing video games. Computer games are cool. I could play it all day. Second, I like all kinds of sports. I love fresh air and sunshine. Playing football with friends is fun.
Swimming in the sea is my favorite. I also like to draw pictures at home. Further more, I like music. I like singing. I often sing film songs when I walk in the street. Of course, I learn English everyday. As you know, English is used everywhere in the world. So I learn English very hard. I hope I can travel around the world and speak English with foreigners some day.
There is more I like to do. There is more I want to say. Maybe I can tell you more next time. Thank you for listening.
初中英语2分钟演讲稿附加篇
A man who lived in a block of apartments thought it was raining and put his head out the window to check. As he did so a glass eye fell into his hand.
He looked up to see where it came from in time to see a young woman looking down.
"Is this yours?" he asked.
She said, "Yes, could you bring it up?" and the man agreed.
On arrival she was profuse in her thanks and offered the man a drink. As she was very attractive he agreed. Shortly afterwards she said, "I'm about to have dinner. There's plenty. Would you like to join me?"
He readily accepted her offer and both enjoyed a lovely meal. As the evening was drawing to a close the lady said, "I've had a marvelous evening. Would you like to stay the night?"
The man hesitated then said, "Do you act like this with every man you meet?"
"No," she replied, "Only those who catch my eye."
列夫托尔斯泰曾经说过，每个人都想着改变世界，却没有人想着改变自己。
他是对的。我们心中总是有伟大的计划和梦想，准备好去实现改变世界或造福全人类的宏伟目标。比如；我们讨厌污染，并已下定决心寻找保持环境清洁的新能源。然而我们仍然在地上乱扔垃圾。我们抱怨交通堵塞，所以我们计划修建更多的高速公路来解决这个问题，但是我们从来没有想到我们没有遵守交通规则是造成这种情况的主要原因。我们非常担心媒体中的暴力会对我们的孩子产生不良影响，我们敦促政府制定法律来保护他们。但是，作为成年人，我们为我们的孩子树立了一个好榜样吗？我们在他们面前用脏话甚至吐在地上，我敢说，我们危害更大！
在我看来，在我们决定改变世界之前，我们最好先改变自己。作为普通人，我们没有能力改变世界。但是我们可以改变乱扔垃圾、随地吐痰、骂人的习惯，我们可以尊重我们周围的.环境，我们必须为我们的孩子做好榜样。
如果我们每个人都做所有这些小事，我们所有人，数百万人一起，我们将会变得强大，强大到足以改变我们的世界！
所以，请下次你做某事时，想想你的行为不仅影响你，也影响你周围的人，尤其是我们的孩子，或许更重要的是我们的星球！
I love English,it gives me a colorful dream. I hope I can travel around the world one day. With my good English, I can make friends with many people from different countries. I can see many places of great interests. I dream that I can go to London,because it is the birth place of English.
各位同仁们：
大家好！
今天，我非常荣幸能够在这里与大家一起分享英语教学经验，并衷心感谢学校领导和老师给予了我这样一个机会。
回顾我过去15年在英语教学中的经历，我发现没有什么绝对有效的“教学经验”，只有我尽责的态度和严格而灵活的教学方法。总的来说，在英语教学中取得好成绩的关键就是“付出多少就收获多少”。英语教学涉及的内容非常广泛，接下来我会分享一些我在实践中的做法和心得体会，请大家批评指正。在我过去15年的英语教学中，我深刻领悟到并没有一种万能的“教学经验”。我所拥有的是一种认真负责的工作态度和严谨而灵活的教学方法。总结起来，想要在英语教学中取得好成绩，就必须在平时的努力付出与成绩之间建立正比关系。英语教学所包含内容十分繁杂，接下来我将分享一些我在实践中的做法和心得，欢迎各位批评指正。
一、建立良好的师生关系，做一名学生喜欢的英语老师。
英语教学中，在学生成长的过程中，他们需要知识，更需要被关爱。关爱既是一种情感，也是一份责任。作为一名英语老师，除了要拥有精湛的业务水平、敬业的精神和全面的知识，更重要的是要像对待自己孩子一样去爱护学生。人与人之间的情感是相互的，虽然学生们年纪还小，但他们心里都有一颗敏感而真诚的心。只要我们真心地关心他们，他们一定会用令人惊喜的回报来回应我们。“深挚的师生情谊让学生对你产生信任，并愿意跟随你的引导前进。” 只有让学生喜欢我们，他们才会信任我们，并朝着我们指引的方向发展。
多年来我在英语教学中积累了丰富的`经验，不仅能够激励自卑的学生，指导后进的学生，启示自负的学生，还能发现特殊的学生并为他们提供专门的服务。我对每一个学生都充满关怀和关注，用心与他们进行交流。我用爱和温暖来抚慰他们的心灵，致力于建立师生平等、和谐相处的关系，共同进步，打造一个温馨的学习家园。
二、狠抓英语课堂教学，构建“和谐高效、思维对话”型英语课堂。
现在正处于应试教育向素质教育转轨时期，既要求减轻负担，又要求提高教育质量，这就要求我必须在英语课堂上下功夫，提高英语课堂教学效率，我通常注重以下几个方面：
1、认真备课。
大家都知道，备好课是上好课的前提，备课包括三方面，备教材、备学生、备教法。备教材。我总是提前翻阅各种材料、教师用书、学习资料及以往的相应试题，对于哪些是重点难点，哪些知识点扩展到什么程度，会以什么形式出题，做到心中有数。备学生，就是要了解学生的年龄特点、接受能力、知识储备情况，这样可以避免起点太高，学生听不懂，或起点太低，学生感到无聊的情况。备教法。每一级每个班学生特点各不相同，所以我非常注重仔细研究学生，采取适合学生的方法导入新课，用学生易于掌握的方法讲解新知，用学生感兴趣的方法组织课堂活动。
2、用激情带动学生，焕发英语课堂活力。
我希望在充分准备好的基础上，每当走进教室时都能充满热情。哪怕身体不舒服，心里烦恼，一站到讲台前，我都会带着微笑，精力充沛地面对学生们。我会充满激情地讲课，抑扬顿挫，因为快乐的情绪是可以传染的。如果我能将愉快的情绪和积极的心态传递给学生们，他们的英语学习效率可能会大大提高。
3、关注每个学生，提高课堂凝聚力。
讲课时，我的视线遍布每个角落，始终用眼光爱抚每个学生，学生的每个动作和眼神都逃不过我的眼睛，并且与学生进行眼神的交流，久而久之，每个学生都会感到老师一直在关注我，从而使他们集中注意力，认真听讲。
4、精讲多练，提高英语课堂效率。
初中生的注意力集中时间只能持续十五到二十分钟。如果英语老师是“一张嘴，一支笔，从上课讲到下课。”的教学模式，就会出现“老师讲得天花乱坠，学生听得昏昏欲睡”的现象。新课程理念要求我们重视学生在课堂上的主体地位，少讲多练。少讲并不意味着粗略讲解，一带而过。初中生的接受能力还是有限的，对于重难点的知识，我会根据学生特点细致的讲解，多举例，多操练，讲一点，练一点，讲练结合，让大多数学生都能跟上，参与活动。讲得太粗太快，学生跟不上，学不会，久而久之，就会慢慢失去学习兴趣。俗话说“庄稼齐了才打粮”，只照顾尖子生，不符合素质教育的理念。一定要面向全体学生，才会取得良好的英语教学效果。
Dear:
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, I’m very glad to make a speech here. Today my topic is “I love you, China.”
Since the day I was born, I began to have a proud name—Chinese. Since the day I began to talk, the most beautiful sentence I’ve ever learnt has been “I love you, China!”
I love you, China, and I’m so proud of being a Chinese. I’m proud that I’ve got the beautiful yellow skin, black eyes and black hair. I’m also proud that I speak the most beautiful language in the world—Chinese.
I love you, China, for I can feel the deep love you give me every day, every minute. Last year, I got an opportunity to visit the United States of America. During my staying there, my father’s boss once invited my family to dinner. While at , he looked at me and asked: “Little boy, how long have you been in America?” “About a month,” I answered, “How lucky you are!” he said, “If you were living in China, how could you learn such perfect English?” I smiled and told him proudly that all the students in China are able to learn English at school. I saw his surprised eyes and said to myself, “I’m proud of you, China ”
I am just one person.
What can I do for the mother earth?
The environment is becoming worse and worse.
We need fresh air to breathe.
We need pure water to drink.
We need a clean environment to live a healthy life.
But if we do nothing, we will have to face an increasingly awful situation.
We don’t have too much money.
Our Influence may be insignificant.
But we can try our best to protect the environment.
This is what we should do.
A few months ago, I became a volunteer of the famous Environmental Protection Organization——Greenpeace.
And I joined the activity named “One Earth Hour”
Earth Hour started in Australia with millions of homes and businesses turning their lights off for one hour.
Now it has grown to become one of the world’s biggest climate change initiatives.
People are all joining together in a global effort to show that it’s possible to take action on global warming.
From my point of view, Earth Hour is a message of hope and a message of action.
And we should believe that everyone can make a difference.
First, everyone must get involved.
Everyone must lend a hand.
Together we can clean up our neighborhoods.
Second, we can practice conservation.
We can reduce wastes and reuse them.
We can recycle papers, bottles, and plastics.
Third, we can put up more "Don't litter" signs.
We can lay trashcans in every corner.
We can pick up garbage when we see it.
We can take actions to fight against pollution.
It's our future that we're protecting.
It's our duty to keep our planet clean.
So, please don't be a litterbug.
Don't be afraid to remind others, too.
If every student who is driven to school can take bus or ride bicycle to school once a week,we can make a difference.
If every car owner goes to work in a car pool once a week, we can make a difference.
If everyone can actively protect the environment in our daily life, the blue sky, green grass, fresh air and clean water will back to our life once again.
Dear:
People always say that father’s love is so quiet but grand that it seems like amountain. They always bury their love to children deep in the bottom of their heartsand never show it. Father seldom says I love you to their children or doessomething show it. Mother often tells us to eat more and put on more clothes,but father doesn’t.
Father seldom asksyour life in school or your relationship with your friends. When you are introuble and ask suggestions from him, he would not tell you what you should dobut help you to find solutions instead. However, father still plays the mostimportant role in your life. He is always the supporter of your life. Wheneveryou need, he is always by your side. This is the way he shows his love.
I came to a small island. There is a castle in front of me, a beautiful gate. I pushed the door open, staring eyes, I am all kinds of candy like a hill! A bar of chocolate, fruit sugar, cotton candy...I could hardly close my mouth. Just want to take them all away, suddenly, I came to another castle.
The castle is purple,taller.I flew up slowly,fell on the roof.Hey,here are full of all toys! There are Teddybears,jigsaw puzzle,and so on! I am very surprised,catch the nearest Teddy bear,I came to a courtyard.
This courtyard is full of comic books, novels, it has everything that one can expect to find ! I opened a book, but found it absolutely empty, and all the books were empty with out words.
A man appeared in front of me. He was dressed in a black robe, said to me, "learning to use, to read to learn useful book." I woke up at once, it was only a dream.
I think learning should be active, hard, don’t give up don’t understand the problem,to say, "yes, I can!" As the dream to become the person you want to be, do what you want to do.
Today as the development of the technology people live a much better life than before the average wage is promoted highly. The economy develops at the cost of polluting the environment we can see the pollution everywhere like the river water is dirty the situation is so serious that we must take some action to control the environmental pollution. First we should not throw away the rubbish whenever we have rubbish at hand we should keep the habit to throw it into the dustbin sometimes the garbage can be recycled. Second the government should make some measure to punish the industry which is not deal with the pollution well. With the government’s intervention the businessmen will pay special attention to the pollution and dare not to ignore it. Protecting the environment needs everyone’s effort to ourselves and our offspring’s health we must take action to protect the environment. Stepping into the new century environment pollution has become more serious than ever since. There are different kinds of pollution. Such as water pollution air pollution and noise pollution and so on. It seems that we live on a planet which is full of pollution. where all these pollution comes from? To a large extend the environmental destruction is the heavy price that we pay for the rapid development of economy and the growing population. In order to have more fuel people cut down trees and dig more corals. But the growing needs for energy are hardly to meet. Countless private cars on the street the gas stations are short of gasoline even the government has raise the price so many times in order to control the needs of gasoline but it’s still not working. Overusing the natural resources has already affected the ecological balance. However the factories still release the toxic air into the sky and the polluted water into the rivers. People still lack of the conscious of protecting the environment. I think it’s time for all of us to do something. The government should put forward some more strict laws to prevent the environment from being further polluted. And they should let people know more about the importance of environment protection. And we should find the balancebetween the economic growth and environmental protection. Plant more trees in the deserts and stop cutting down the forest. Forbid the factories to pour the waste water into the rivers directly. Encourage people to use public transportations to work. Both government and ordinary people should join hands together to make our home clean and fresh again. Only in this way our earth could be a better place to live in.
Almost everyone knows the famous Chinese saying：A young idler，an old beggar. Throughout history，we have seen many cases in which this saying has again and again proved to be true.
It goes without saying that the youth is the best time of life，during which one's mental and physical states are at their peaks. It takes relatively less time and pains to learn or accept new things in a world full of changes and rapid developments. In addition，one is less likely to be under great pressure from career，family and health problems when young. Therefore，a fresh mind plus enormous energy will ensure success in different aspects of life.
Of course，we all know：no pains，no gains. If we don't make every effort to make good use of the advantages youth brings us，it is impossible to achieve any goals. As students，we should now try our best to learn all the subjects well so that we can be well prepared for the challenges that we will face in the future.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲
几乎所有人都知道中国有一句老话:少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲.通过阅读历史,我们从一个又一个的'案例当中得知,这句话被证实是真确的
不用说都知道,在青年时期,人的智力和身体状况都是一生中最好的,这也是一个人一生中最好的时期.在这个处处都不停地转变,飞快地发展的世界里,年轻使人相对地用更少的时间去学习和领悟新知.在这时,很少人会困在从事业上来的压力下,家庭和健康问题也比较小(就是说不是没有--译者).所以,一个清醒的脑袋加上巨大的能量就会成就人生中不同方面的成功.
当然,我们都知道:没有挫折就没有获得.如果我们没有好好努力去利用年轻带给我们的优胜之处,那就没有可能获得任何的成功.作为中学生,我们应该做到最好去学好每一个科目,这样的话,我们就可以为将来即将面对的挑战做好准备.
各位领导、各位老师：
大家好！
很荣幸有这样的机会和大家一起探讨英语教学。在上级领导的关怀和支持下，我校在英语教学方面逐步加大改革步伐，提高英语教学质量，通过师生的不懈努力已初见成效。下向大家交流几点我们学校的做法，有哪些缺点与不足之处，请给予指正，以便我们在今后的教学中加以改进和提高。
一、注重预习。
“预习”是一种良好的学习习惯，是课堂教学中的重要环节。它作为学习过程的起始阶段，是培养学生自学能力的重要途径，在提高学习效率方面有着重要的作用。它不仅能帮学生“学会”知识，更能帮助学生“会学”知识。做好预习工作，功在课外，利在课内。我们有以下几个环节：
1、布置预习作业。
在寒暑假来临之前，学校要求每位教师给学生特别布置假期预习作业。为了使预习有章可循，教师列出预习提纲，分发给每个学生。针对预习内容，教师必须提出明确的预习要求。而且预习要求必须合理，正确，有可操作性。我们给学生布置了预习前三单元的内容，具体到哪一天预习哪几页单词，背会哪部分对话，掌握哪几个句型，理解哪项语法内容。此外，每日摘抄一句英语谚语，两天一篇阅读理解，五天一篇英语练笔（小作文）。
2、指导预习方法。
针对不同的教学内容指导学生选用合适的预习方法，通过查阅资料、听录音带、网络学习、向哥哥姐姐求教等多种方法来学习。例如：会话练习可以采用查一查，补一补，说一说的方法；句型练习可以采用找一找，归一归，比一比的方法；阅读练习可以采用划一划，查一查，写一写的方法。我们知道“授之一鱼，只供一餐，授之以渔，可享一生。”只要坚持运用科学的方法培养学生的预习习惯，学生们一定会学会预习，运用预习，学会学习，为他们的终身学习奠下良好的基础.
3、争取得到家长的配合。
为了学生在假期期间更好地完成预习作业，使预习作业更有成效，我们学校在放假前特意召开了家长会，把学校的想法、做法与家长们沟通交流，期望家长能做好督促检查工作。事实证明，我们得到了很多家长的配合。
4、检查预习效果。
检查学生预习是否到位，存在有哪些问题，以便今后教学做到有的放矢。开学的第二天，我们学校就组织了各科的预习考试。成绩上报学校，并作出效果分析。由于我们英语学科的特点，初二学生在预习单词和每单元的语法聚焦两方面比较好，但知识点和句型的灵活运用还有待提高。
二、抓好教研组建设。
学校是一个大群体，而教研组是一个小群体，教师是这个群体中的成员，我们每位教师的成长与发展都离不开这个群体。我校在抓教研组建设方面工作做得扎实，有条不紊，为每位教师的发展搭建了平台。积极开展教研组的说、上、评课活动，要求人人过关。紧紧围绕教研组的活动专题，重视对学生学习习惯培养的研究，和对学生自主学习意识培养的研究。通过教研活动，使本教研组全体英语教师共同提高，人人受益。也让我感受到了集体的力量是无穷的，实现了教师之间，同伴之间的团结协作。一个人有困难时，大家都来帮助，让她从困境中走出，不断发展自己，提高自己，身处在这样一个教师群体中，我深感荣幸。
三、加强备课组的集体备课。
集体备课是发挥群体优势，提高备课质量的重要途径，也是落实教学常规，提高课堂教学效率的.必要措施。我校很重视英语教研，特别安排了主抓教学的刘校长下组监督指导，使活动有计划、有目标、有实效。我们英语备课组的三位教师积极组织集体备课，研究教学内容，研究学生，进度，研究教学方法，安排及教学资料做到一致。我们每周至少活动一次，时间固定，有活动记录。每次活动都定有中心发言人，定活动的主题，不走形式，不敷衍了事，切实解决教学中的一些问题，努力提高课堂教学质量，完善教学，规范我们的教学行为，向课堂40分钟要质量。
四、培养学生自主探究学习的能力。
本学年我们学校一直倡导培养学生自主探究学习的能力。要求教学要以学生为主体，转变角色，成为学生学习的引导者、帮助者。在课堂中要求教师要“少讲多学”，即教师少讲，学生多学。坚持放手原则：凡是学生能读的就让学生读，凡是学生能说的就让学生说，凡是学生能想的就让学生想，凡是学生能讨论的就让学生讨论，凡是学生能写的就让学生写，凡是学生能做的就让学生做。给学生自学时间、提问时间、读书时间和练习时间。在教学中，我们鼓励学生尝试地交流、讨论、质疑、解惑；把问的权利交给学生，把讲的机会让给学生，让学生参与到知识形成的过程中，并从中感受到“参与之乐，思维之趣，成功之悦”。
我们知道“学源于思，思源于疑”，学生探索知识的思维过程总是从问题开始，又在解决问题中得到发展。教学过程中学生如果能在教师创设的情境下，自己动脑思考，动口表达，将受益匪浅。我们的做法是首先创设情境、明确目标，其次呈现问题、启发诱导，然后让学生先自主探究、设疑质疑，再合作探究、解惑释疑，最后对学生的活动加以评价，使学生活动的过程更规范化，在活动中该做什么，而不该做什么，逐步渗透到学生的脑海里。每节课尽可能给予学生自主学习的时间和空间，让他们自主学习，培养他们敢疑、敢想、敢问、敢说的良好学习习惯，提高他们的思维能力，真正使学生好学、乐学、会学，从而形成一种生动活泼轻松的学习局面。
尽管以往的教育教学工作取得了一些进步，得到了领导和家长们的认可，学生的学习方法，学习习惯和自主学习能力有了一定提高，一部分学生的学习兴趣也得以巩固和加强。但是，客观地分析了学生的成绩的各个方面，我深深地感觉到自身工作中还存在许多不足。例如：学生成绩的两极分化现象；相当一部分学生的英语学习兴趣还有待于进一步的保鲜和巩固；一些学生的基本学习习惯、方法和技能都需要在今后的工作中加强指导。另外，回首自身教学工作的各个方面，在常规教学的备课方面还存在不足，讲课方面也还不够灵活机动。以后的教学工作将带着这些问题有针对性地开展。
as we all know, communication is one of the most essential social skills that we need for our self development. communicating with all
understanding always contributes to a deep touch between peoples' heart. today, i am going to talk about how to communicate with start with, you need to realize that your classmates are just in the same age of you. so be relaxed and nature. you are not too much smarter or outstanding than others and either are they! when you talk with them, remember to mention sommy favorite book is (italian: cuore). this is a diary written by an italian boy enrico. the diary is about his life and study. it included various touching stories that happened around enrico, the mottos taught by his parents, as well as the wonderful ten "monthly" stories told by his teacher during the class. every word in the chapter describes the word "love". from patriotism to friendship, and to the love between parents and child -- really touching.
this novel taught me how to love, and how to learn from love. i really like this book very much. how about you? what is your favorite book?my favorite book is . have you read it before?oh, i haven't read this book before. what is it about?
well, it is a story of a rich girl who maintained her noble character after the bankruptcy of her father. the story is happy ending.
can you tell us why you love this book so much?
sure. it is because the story taught us to be brave and to face the challenges and difficulties with courage. i am deeply impressed by the strength and perseverance of the little princess in the story. i have decided to learn from her from now on.
oh i see, the story sounds very good. i cannot wait to read this book as well.
gettysburg address
four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.